DelDOT's Cultural Resources -
Archaeology/Historic Preservation
Cultural Resources Glossary
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A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z References FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) - A federal regulatory agency that is responsible for the enforcement of civil aviation safety regulations, the development of civil aeronautics, the operation and development of both civil and military air traffic control, the regulation of United States commercial space transportation, and the control and mitigation of environmental factors associated with aviation. Facie - A stratigraphic body distinguished from others by appearance, composition, or mode of deposition. Facing - The finishing applied to the outer surface of a building. Fallow Field - A plowed but not planted field. Fall Line - A transition zone from the Piedmont Uplands to the flatter Coastal Plain. False Plate - A plate which has no structural usage. See Plate. Fanlight - A window, often semi-circular, over a door with radiating glazing bars suggesting a fan. Fascia - A horizontal band of vertical face, usually in combination with moldings, as in the lowest member of a cornice. 2 A board that is attached vertically to the end of roof rafters. Fast Land - Well drained elevated upland terrain situated adjacent to a waterway; frequently used as a loading and unloading place for watercraft. Fauna - Animal life. Bone and shell are faunal remains often found on archaeological sites. Faunal Remains - Animal remains from archaeological sites studied to learn of past foodways and the ecological relationships between humans and animals. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) - "An independent regulatory federal agency established to regulate both interstate and international communications via radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable." (http://www.fcc.gov/aboutus.html 2009) Feature - Any soil disturbance or discoloration that reflects human activity, or an artifact that, being too large to remove from a site, normally is recorded only; for example, house, storage pits, etc. can also be a very dense collection of artifacts; for example, a lithic chipping feature. Federal Style - The dominant architectural style of the United States from about 1780-1820. Exhibits exterior symmetry, pedimented doorways, semi-circular or elliptical fanlights with or without sidelights, and decorated cornices, especially with dentils. Feldspar - Silicates of aluminum, containing sodium, potassium, calcium, or barium or combinations of these elements. Clay is the chief substance formed when weathering decomposes feldspars. Felloes - Wooden materials manufactured for use in the building of carriage wheels. Ferrous - Containing iron. FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) - A federal regulatory agency under the direction of the Department of Homeland Security that represents the federal response to natural disasters that may occur within the domestic borders of the United States in the form of coordinating disaster relief, reconstruction, and the restoration of ravaged areas. Fenestration - The arrangement in a building of its windows, especially the more important and larger ones. 2 The arrangement of windows in a building. FHWA (Federal Highway Administration) - A federal administrative agency that is organized under the U.S. Department of Transportation. The primary responsibility of the FHWA is to enforce and develop highway safety legislation as well as maintain and improve the nation's extensive surface transit corridor network. The agency provides financial and technical support for the construction, improvement, and preservation of highways owned by state, local, and tribal governments. This budget is divided between two major programs: the Federal-Aid Highway Program and the Federal Lands Highway Program. (http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/whoweare/whoweare.htm 2009) Field Reconnaissance - The walking of a field to examine the surface for any artifacts, architectural remains, or obvious archaeological features. Fieldstone - Rough building stones generally not laid in regular courses. May be finished or uncut stones. Fill - The soil inside a feature. Fire-Cracked Rock - Stone which has been exposed to extreme heat, producing spalling, cracking and/or reddening of its interior and exterior surfaces. First Land - Solid land. Fish and Sherds Model - This is a mathematical model used to estimate the total number of vessels on a site based on the excavated sample. It is based on the biological model for estimating the population of fish in a pond or lake by tagging a sample of fish, releasing them, and then recapturing some of the tagged fish in a second sampling. The model is described in Miller and Moodey 1986. Fission of Social Units - The dispersal of a macroband into macrobands, possibly on a seasonal basis, for the purpose of resource acquisition, trade and exchange, or some other specialized purpose. Flake - Form of lithic debitage resulting from the manufacture of stone tools, or struck from a core for use as an expedient tool. Flakes are formed by either a controlled act of pressure, or a striking action of percussion. They are distinguished from natural spalls by the presence of attributes such as a striking platform and bulb of force. Flake Scar - The place from which a flake was removed from a piece of stone, usually a smooth and shallow concavity. Flemish Bond - A brick pattern in which each course consists of headers and stretchers laid alternately; each header is centered with respect to the stretcher above and below. Flintknapping - Stone tool manufacture, consisting of a process of reduction in which the knapper removes flakes from a stone in a sequential manner to form a tool. Floodplain - Level or nearly level ground bordering a stream and subject to repeated flooding. Flora - Plant life. Floral Remains - Includes both charred and uncharred plant materials such as seeds, nuts, shells, and wood. Flotation - Method used to separate floral and faunal remains from the soil and other artifacts. A soil sample is immersed in water and the organic remains float to the surface, where they are collected for analysis. Flow Blue - Form of transfer printing in which an excessive amount of link was employed and allowed to bleed beneath the glaze. Fluted - Decorated with parallel grooves. Fluvial - Produced by the action of flowing water. Foodways - The interrelated systems of food procurement, preparation, and consumption. Footring - A raised ring on the base of certain ceramic vessels, on which the vessel rests. Fore and Aft Rigging - When a vessel's sails are positioned in line with the longitudinal axis of the vessel, as opposed to perpendicular (square rigging). Forecastle - This superstructure in the forward (front) part of a vessel, immediately behind the bow. It is commonly used for equipment storage or seamen's quarters. The term has come to be abbreviated as "fo'c's'le." Formation - A distinctive unit of rock or sediment, often named by the geologist that first describes it, e.g., the Columbia Formation. FPO (Federal Preservation Officer, or Office) - Historic Preservation Officers designated to federal agencies in accordance to Section 110 of the NHPA 1966 (amended 1992) who serve to administer the preservation programs attached with the activities of various federal agencies as mandated in NHPA 1996. Frame House - A timber house of frame construction usually covered with shingles or weatherboarding. Free Blown - A bottle blown without a mold. Frieze - Any long and narrow horizontal architectural member, especially one which has chiefly decorative purpose. 2 Area immediately below a cornice. Frontier Artifact Pattern - Another type of inter-site artifact frequency pattern; generally associated with military and trading post sites on the periphery of or beyond the limits or the actual area of colonization. Frontispiece - An ornamental porch or door surround. FSA (USDA Farm Service Agency) - "A federal regulatory and management agency regulated by the Department off Agriculture (USDA) that administers and manages farm commodity, credit, and conservation, disaster and loan programs as laid out by Congress through a network of federal, state and county offices." (http://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/webapp?area=about&subject=landing&topic=sao 2009) Fusion/Fission Social Organization - Large (fused) social groups consisting of sets of individual nuclear families that inhabited macroband base camps during the season when those areas contained rich resources. When resources became depleted, macrobands would break (fission) into smaller units and move to different resource settings to inhabit microband base camps. 2 The coalescence of microbands into a macroband for the purpose of mate selection, large work projects, or some other general purpose; may also be seasonal. FWS (Fish and Wildlife Service) - "The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is a federal conservation bureau within the Department of the Interior. Their mission is to work with others to conserve, protect and enhance fish, wildlife and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. FWS manages the National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS) of more than 520 National Wildlife Refuges and thousands of small wetlands and other special management areas. Under the Fisheries program they also operate 69 National Fish Hatcheries, 64 fishery resource offices and 78 ecological services field stations." |
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